BBC - One Night in Bhopal

2008-09-21T07:27:00.000-07:00

The Bhopal disaster was an industrial disaster that occurred in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, resulting in the immediate deaths of more than 3,000 people, according to the Indian Supreme Court. A more probable figure is that 8,000 died within two weeks, and it is estimated that the same number have since died from gas related diseases. However, testimonies from doctors who provided medical assistance during the tragedy claim over 15,000 were dead in the first month and approximately 20,000 in total

Time line, summary
At the plant
21.00 Water cleaning of pipes start.
22.00 Water enters 610. Reaction starts.
22.30 Gases coming out from the VGS-tower.
00.30 The large siren sounds and is turned off.
00.50 The siren is heard within the plant area. The workers escape.
Outside
22.30 First sensations. Suffocation, cough, eye irritation, vomiting.
1.00 Police alerted. People escaped. UC-director denied.
2.00 The first people reached Hamidia hospital. Half blind, gasping for air, frothing at the mouth, vomiting.
2.10 The alarm was heard.
4.00 The gases dissipated.
6.00 The police's loudspeaker: "Everything is normal".
Morning: Thousands of dead bodies and hundreds of dead cattle lay in the streets.

The Union Carbide India, Limited (UCIL) plant was established in 1969. 51% was owned by Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) and 49% by Indian authorities. It produced the pesticide carbonyl (trade mark Sevin). Methyl isocyanate (MIC), an intermediate in carbaryl manufacture, was used instead of less toxic but more expensive materials.

In 1979, a plant for producing MIC was added. UCC was responsible for all technique and design. The plant was located close to a densely populated area, instead of on the other side of the town where UCIL was offered an area. MIC was stored in a few large tanks instead of several small tanks.During the night of December 3rd 1984, large amounts of water entered tank 610. The resulting reaction generated a major increase in the temperature of liquid inside the tank to over 400°F (200°C).

The MIC holding tank then gave off a large volume of toxic gas, forcing the emergency release of pressure. The reaction was sped up by the presence of iron from corroding non-stainless steel pipelines.There have been several theories on the reason for the entry of water into the tank. The workers claim that, because of the bad maintenance with leaking valves etc, it was possible for the water to climb from the point where the pipeline washing was performed to tank 610.

UCC maintains that this was not possible, and that it was an act of sabotage by a "disgruntled worker" who introduced water directly into the tank. There is much confusion because the Indian government closed the plant to outsiders and would not allow interviews with the plant employees for almost a year. Much speculation arose in the meantime and much of it was not scientifically based, but based on worker accounts which may or may not have been accurate.

The deciding factors that caused the outcome were the state of the art plant design (location near a densely populated area, using hazardous chemicals instead of less dangerous, storing in large tanks, possible corroding material in pipelines etc), and the decision to close the plant which began a shut down which contributed to poor oversite by local managers (poor oversite of operators, safety systems not functioning etc), and in the aftermath, negligence on the part of the governments of India and Madhya Pradesh as well as UCC

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Secrets Of The Pharaoh

2008-03-27T09:49:00.000-07:00

Who’s buried in Khufu’s tomb? Find out in National Geographic’s Egypt: Secrets of the Pharaohs, a wide-ranging look at the rituals and relics of one of the first monumental civilizations. Watch as one team of archaeologists braves the arid plains to investigate the construction of the great pyramids. Back in the lab, a group of medical archaeologists try to re-create the ancient Egyptian process of mummification step by step in a macabre sequence that vividly portrays the first steps toward immortality. Finally, venture deep into Pharaoh Khufu’s tomb as one of the strangest treasures of all is unearthed: a complete ship destined to carry him through the Land of the Dead.

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BBC - One Night in Bhopal

Secrets Of The Pharaoh